NormalBoot

Distress

2005-04-05T18:56:00.000-07:00

In law, process that enables a person to seize and detain from a wrongdoer some chattel, or item of personal property, as a pledge for the redressing of an injury, the performance of a duty, or the satisfaction of a demand. Distress was frequently levied without legal process, but requirements have become more stringent and now often necessitate some type of court

Penedo

2005-04-04T09:00:00.000-07:00

Port city, Alagoas state, northeastern Brazil, on the north bank of the lower São Francisco River, bordering Sergipe state, 25 mi (40 km) above its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. Founded in the 16th century during the Portuguese conquest, it has developed a thriving trade in hides, rice, and cotton. There is light industrial development, including cotton spinning, weaving, vegetable-oil

Plot

2005-04-03T09:25:00.000-07:00

In fiction, the structure of interrelated actions, consciously selected and arranged by the author. Plot involves a considerably higher level of narrative organization than normally occurs in a story or fable. According to E.M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel (1927), a story is a “narrative of events arranged in their time-sequence,” whereas a plot organizes the events according

Arabia, History Of, Qatabanians

2005-04-02T09:40:00.000-08:00

The heartland of the Qataban people was Wadi Bayhan, with the capital, Timna', at its northern end, and Wadi Harib, immediately west of Bayhan. As in the case of Ma'in, the earliest references are in Sabaean inscriptions; native Qatabanian inscriptions do not seem to antedate the 4th century BC. Timna' was destroyed by fire at a date not easy to fix; pottery evidence has been thought to suggest

Steel, Annealing

2005-04-01T18:36:00.000-08:00

To make steel ductile for subsequent forming operations, an annealing treatment is applied. In annealing, the steel is usually held for several hours at several degrees below Ar1 (shown by the P-S-K line in the figure) and then slowly cooled. This precipitates and coagulates the carbides and results in large ferrite crystals. Cold-formed steel is usually annealed and

Parallel Evolution

2005-03-29T10:23:00.000-08:00

The evolution of geographically separated groups in such a way that they show morphological resemblances. A notable example is the similarity shown by the marsupial mammals of Australia to the placental mammals elsewhere. Through the courses of their evolution they have come to remarkably similar forms, so much so that the marsupials are often named for their

Zaragoza

2005-03-29T05:17:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Saragossa, provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Aragon, northeastern Spain. Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, it formed the old kingdom of Aragon. It extends north and south of the middle course of the Ebro River; it reaches the foot of the Pyrenees (north) and is bounded west by the provinces of Navarra, Logroño, and Soria, south by Guadalajara

Beirut

2005-03-27T21:20:00.000-08:00

Beirut is a city of baffling contradictions whose character blends the sophisticated and cosmopolitan with the provincial and parochial. Before 1975 Beirut was widely considered the most thoroughly Westernized city in the Arab Middle East;

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

2005-03-27T21:07:00.000-08:00

From earliest times, in addition to other functions, the chief was the judge of his tribe; he personified the protection that the community provided for the individual. Providing for a balance of power in the community, mediating quarrels, and protecting individual rights, the chief or king was the lawgiver and the highest administrator for all community affairs.

Earth, Faults

2005-03-26T13:47:00.000-08:00

Faults are fractures along which movement has occurred. They are produced by compression, tension, or shearing of the Earth's crust. Faults can be characterized by the direction of movement along the fault plane. A dip-slip fault is a fracture in which the movement is parallel to the dip (direction of tilt) of the fault plane. A strike-slip is one in which the movement is

Jackson, Shoeless Joe

2005-03-25T02:23:00.000-08:00

Born into extreme poverty, Jackson began work in a cotton mill when he was barely six and never went to school. He survived a sickly childhood

Craig, Edward Gordon

2005-03-24T00:17:00.000-08:00

Craig was the second child of a liaison between the actress Ellen Terry and the architect Edward William Godwin. Like Edith (the other child of his parents), their son was given the name

Rowe, Nicholas

2005-03-23T03:12:00.000-08:00

Rowe was called to the bar in 1696 and, an ardent Whig, afterward held several

Cellar

2005-03-22T02:24:00.000-08:00

Room beneath ground level, especially one for storing fruits and vegetables, both raw and canned, on a farm. A typical cellar may be beneath the house or located outdoors, partly underground, with the upper part mounded over with earth to protect from freezing and to maintain fairly constant temperature and humidity. Such a structure is sometimes called a root cellar.

Hybrid

2005-03-21T03:41:00.000-08:00

Offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits. The parents may be of different species, genera, or (rarely) families. The term hybrid, therefore, has a wider application than the terms mongrel or crossbreed, which usually refer to animals or plants resulting from a cross between two races, breeds, strains, or varieties of the same species. There are

O'casey, Sean

2005-03-19T11:50:00.000-08:00

O'Casey was born into a lower middle-class Irish Protestant family. His father died when John was six, and thereafter the family became progressively poorer.

Cole, Thomas

2005-03-19T08:50:00.000-08:00

Cole's family immigrated first to Philadelphia and then settled in Steubenville, Ohio. He was trained by an itinerant portrait painter named Stein and then spent two years at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1825 some of Cole's

Dorgon

2005-03-18T16:44:00.000-08:00

Dorgon was the 14th of the 16 sons of Nurhachi, founder of the Manchu state, who

'arad

2005-03-18T02:38:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Israel, in the northeast Negev, named for the biblical Arad, the ruins of which are visible at Tel 'Arad, about 5 1/2 miles (9 km) east-northeast. The book of Numbers (21:1–3) tells how the Canaanite king of 'Arad fought the Israelites during the exodus from Egypt, but his cities were “utterly destroyed” by Israel's armies. The city's name appears on the Temple of Amon, al-Karnak, Egypt,

Shensi, Relief and drainage

2005-03-17T05:11:00.000-08:00

The mountainous southern region forms the drainage area of the upper Han River, which is a northern tributary of the Yangtze. The Han flows between two mountain complexes that structurally form part of a great, single

Asahikawa

2005-03-16T14:04:00.000-08:00

City, Hokkaido, Japan. It lies along the Ishikari River in the agriculturally important Kamikawa Basin. Settled in 1889 and organized as a village in 1893, Asahikawa became the railway, marketing, and industrial centre of northern Hokkaido. Its industries include brewing and the manufacture of pulp, paper, wood chemicals, and cotton yarn. Asahikawa also serves as the entrance

Feng Yün-shan

2005-03-15T22:06:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Feng Yunshan Chinese missionary and social reformer, one of the original leaders of the Taiping Rebellion, an uprising that occupied most of South China between 1850 and 1864, brought death to an estimated 20,000,000 people, and radically altered governmental structure. Feng was a neighbour and schoolmate of Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, the religious

Breckinridge, Mary

2005-03-15T17:59:00.000-08:00

Breckinridge grew up in Washington, D.C., where her father was an Arkansas congressman, and in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he served as U.S. minister to Russia. Educated

Ibaraki

2005-03-15T05:32:00.000-08:00

Prefecture (ken), central Honshu, Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean. It occupies 2,351 sq mi (6,090 sq km) of the northeastern Kanto Plain. Ibaraki is bordered (south) by the Tone-gawa (Tone River) and contains part of Suigo-Tsukuba Quasi-national Park. Main features of this section of the park include Kasumiga-ura (Lake Kasumi), the second largest Japanese lake after Lake Biwa; the canals and

Thomas, E. Donnall

2005-03-14T05:30:00.000-08:00

Thomas studied at the University of Texas (B.A., 1941; M.A., 1943) and the Harvard

Feng Yün-shan

2005-03-13T05:58:00.000-08:00

Byname Star Wars proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983. Because parts of the defensive system that Reagan advocated would be based in space, the proposed system was dubbed “Star Wars,” after the space

Shakhty

2005-03-11T19:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Šachty, formerly (until 1920) Aleksandrovsk-grushevsky, city, Rostov oblast (province), western Russia. It lies along the upper Grushevka River, 47 miles (75 km) northeast of Rostov-na-Donu. Shakhty developed in the early 19th century as a coal-mining centre and became a city in 1881. It is now the main city of the eastern end of the Donets Basin coalfield and is surrounded by many pits and their waste heaps. (The city's name means “pits” in Russian.)

Amberg

2005-03-11T13:25:00.000-08:00

City, Bayern Land (Bavaria state), southeastern Germany, on the Vils River, in the foothills of the Franconian Jura and Bayernwald (Bavarian Forest), southeast of Nürnberg. First mentioned in 1034, it was a court town with considerable trade (in iron and tinplate) and industry in the 14th–16th century. The ducal residence (until 1621) and the capital (until 1810) of the Upper Palatinate, it had many

Oman

2005-03-11T01:22:00.000-08:00

In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001, Oman, in fulfillment of preparations launched two and a half years earlier, hosted a joint military exercise with Great Britain. The presence of some 30,000 British troops in the sultanate facilitated the U.S.-led coalition's military campaign against the Taliban regime and al-Qaeda terrorist network

La Farge, Oliver (hazard Perry)

2005-03-09T20:05:00.000-08:00

At Harvard University La Farge pursued his interest in American Indian culture, specializing in anthropology and archaeological research. Although highly respected in

Gyllensten, Lars (johan Wictor)

2005-03-09T19:16:00.000-08:00

Gyllensten was reared and educated in Stockholm and was a professor of medicine at the Karolinska Institute for 18 years. He served on the Nobel Committee for Literature from 1968 and was made permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy in 1977. The Swedish Foundation

Chachoengsao

2005-03-08T21:24:00.000-08:00

Town, south-central Thailand, about 25 miles (40 km) east of Bangkok. It is a port on the Bang Pakong River. On the railway between Bangkok and the Cambodian border, Chachoengsao is connected by a coastal road to Trat (southeast) and is a site of Buddhist pilgrimage. Rice cultivation and milling are major economic activities in the region, and there is a large government distillery.

Condé, Louis I De Bourbon, 1er Prince De (1st Prince Of)

2005-03-08T18:52:00.000-08:00

Louis de Bourbon was the hunchback youngest son of Charles, duc de Vendôme, and Françoise d'Alençon. Brought up among Huguenots, he was married in

Black Legend

2005-03-08T00:32:00.000-08:00

Spanish Leyenda Negra term indicating an unfavourable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-Spanish, and especially Protestant, historians. Primarily associated with criticism of 16th-century Spain and the anti-Protestant policies of King Philip II (reigned 1556–98), the term was popularized by the Spanish historian

Aymaran Languages

2005-03-06T20:41:00.000-08:00

A group of South American Indian languages spoken over a fairly large region in the southern Peruvian highlands and adjacent areas of Bolivia. Some scholars classify the Aymaran group and the Quechuan group together in the Quechumaran stock. See Quechuan languages.

Farmerlabor Party

2005-03-06T20:16:00.000-08:00

An offshoot, the National Farmer–Labor Party, nominated P.P. Christensen in the 1920 presidential election. Lacking adequate finances and organization, the party won few votes and expired in 1923.

Blanqui, Adolphe

2005-03-06T04:11:00.000-08:00

In 1833 Blanqui succeeded Jean-Baptiste Say, under whom he had studied, to the chair of political economy at the Conservatory of Arts and Trades. Blanqui's work blended theoretical and empirical approaches in an

Nove Ware

2005-03-04T05:03:00.000-08:00

Primarily majolica, or tin-glazed earthenware, made in Nove, Italy, in the 18th century. The factory was founded by Giovanni Battista Antonibon in 1728, and in the latter part of the century it had connections with a factory in nearby Bassano, where majolica had been made two centuries earlier. Most Nove ware was in the prevalent Rococo style. From 1752 the factory also produced a

Marsh, Ngaio

2005-03-04T04:32:00.000-08:00

Marsh studied painting in art school and was an actress and theatrical producer in New Zealand before going in 1928 to England, where she wrote her first novel, A Man Lay

Arno River

2005-03-03T02:19:00.000-08:00

Italian Fiume Arno, Latin Arnus, principal stream of the Toscana (Tuscany) region, in central Italy. Rising on the slopes of Monte Falterona in the Tuscan Apennines, it flows for 150 mi (240 km) to the Ligurian Sea, receiving the Sieve, Pesa, Elsa, and Era rivers. Its drainage basin covers 3,184 sq mi (8,247 sq km). Navigation on the river is negligible. In its upper course the Arno flows generally south through the former lake basin

Religious Experience, Revelational and mystical immediacy

2005-03-03T01:05:00.000-08:00

Among defenders of the validity and cognitive import of religious experience, it is necessary to distinguish those who take such experience to be an immediate and self-authenticating encounter with the divine and those who claim that apprehension of the divine is the result of inference from, or interpretation of, religious experience. Two forms of immediacy

Hyde De Neuville, Jean-guillaume, Baron

2005-03-02T22:04:00.000-08:00

Devoted to Louis XVI, Hyde de Neuville remained a royalist agent after the outbreak of the Revolution. After taking part in a royalist insurrection in Berry (1796), he attempted first to discredit the Directory, then to convince Napoleon to reestablish the Bourbons on the

Laterality

2005-03-02T21:25:00.000-08:00

The most obvious example of laterality is handedness, the tendency to use one hand or the other to perform activities. It is the usual practice to classify persons as right-handed, left-handed, or ambidextrous (two-handed).

Hippocrates

2005-02-28T06:50:00.000-08:00

Greek physician of antiquity who is traditionally regarded as the father of medicine. His name has long been associated with the so-called Hippocratic Oath—certainly not written by him—which in modified form is still often required to be taken by medical students on graduating.

Qom

2005-02-28T00:51:00.000-08:00

In the 8th century, Qom was one of the centres of Shi'ism; in 816 Fatimah, the sister of the imam (leader of Shi'ite Islam) 'Ali ar-Rida, died in the town and was buried there. It became a place of pilgrimage in the 17th century, when the Safavid rulers built a golden-domed

Eastern Orthodoxy, Theological and monastic renaissance

2005-02-26T22:58:00.000-08:00

Paradoxically, the pitiful history of Byzantium under the Palaeologan emperors coincided with an astonishing intellectual, spiritual, and artistic renaissance that influenced the entire Eastern Christian world. The renaissance was not without fierce controversy and polarization. In 1337 Barlaam the Calabrian, one of the representatives of Byzantine Humanism,

Stein, Edith

2005-02-26T16:27:00.000-08:00

Born into an Orthodox Jewish family, Stein renounced her faith in 1904 and became

Epic Theatre

2005-02-26T00:29:00.000-08:00

Form of didactic drama presenting a series of loosely connected scenes that avoid illusion and often interrupt the story line to address the audience directly with analysis, argument, or documentation. Epic theatre is now most often associated with the dramatic theory and practice evolved by the playwright-director Bertolt Brecht in Germany from the 1920s onward.

Computers, Lady Lovelace: The first programmer

2005-02-24T17:50:00.000-08:00

Augusta Ada King, the countess of Lovelace, was the daughter of the poet Lord George Gordon

Bhagalpur

2005-02-24T14:33:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Bihar state, northeastern India, just south of the Ganges River. The city has major road and rail connections and trades in agricultural produce and cloth. Major industries include rice and sugar milling and woolen weaving. Bhagalpur is also noted for its silk production. A sericulture institute and an agricultural-research station have been established,

Gräfe, Albrecht Von

2005-02-24T01:51:00.000-08:00

Albrecht was the son of Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe, a noted surgeon who was a pioneer in early German plastic surgery. The creator of one of Europe's leading eye clinics (1850), Albrecht was the first to recognize the importance to diagnosis of the German physiologist

Biblical Literature, Background and overview

2005-02-23T05:29:00.000-08:00

In the New Testament canon of 27 books, 21 are called “letters,” and even the Revelation to John starts and ends in letter form. Of the 21, 13 belong to the Pauline corpus; the Letter to the Hebrews is included in the Pauline corpus in the East but not, however, in the West. Three letters of this corpus, the Pastoral Letters, are pseudonymous and thus are not considered here. Of the remaining

Forbes, Edward

2005-02-21T22:09:00.000-08:00

While a medical student at Edinburgh, Forbes embarked upon a botanical tour of Norway (1833). Drawn to natural science, he then began an extensive study

Breast Cancer

2005-02-21T03:38:00.000-08:00

Disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands. Breast cancer can strike males and females, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman

Buys, Paulus

2005-02-21T00:09:00.000-08:00

The harsh religious persecution and high taxes of the Duke of Alba's regime (1567–73) led Buys to join the resistance to the Spanish government, working

Malakoff

2005-02-20T05:54:00.000-08:00

Town, Hauts-de-Seine département, Paris région, north-central France. A southwestern industrial suburb of Paris, it has an electrical-engineering school and manufactures electrical equipment, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and precision instruments. The town was created in 1883 and was named for the fortress of Malakhov at Sevastopol, which was captured by the French

Hoorne, Filips Van Montmorency, Graaf Van

2005-02-19T23:01:00.000-08:00

A gentleman-in-waiting at the court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V,

Pierce, John Robinson

2005-02-19T03:53:00.000-08:00

Pierce began working for Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York City, in 1936. He improved the traveling-wave tube, which is used as a broadband amplifier of microwaves, and designed a new electrostatically focused electron-multiplier

Alabama Agricultural And Mechanical University

2005-02-17T11:21:00.000-08:00

Byname Alabama A&M University public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Normal, Alabama, U.S., a historically black school. The university comprises the schools of Graduate Studies and Extended Education, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, and Engineering and Technology. It offers a range of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree

General Dynamics Corp.

2005-02-17T10:14:00.000-08:00

The original company, the Electric Boat Company, was founded in 1899 and built the Holland, the first submarine purchased by the U.S. Navy, in 1900. Electric Boat continued to build submarines and surface ships, and in 1954 it launched the Nautilus, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. The firm

Aquarium

2005-02-16T21:51:00.000-08:00

Receptacle for maintaining aquatic organisms, either freshwater or marine, or a facility in which a collection of aquatic organisms is displayed or studied.

Aardvark

2005-02-15T22:38:00.000-08:00

Also called African Ant Bear (Orycteropus afer), heavily built mammal, ranging south of the Sahara in forest or plain, that constitutes the family Orycteropodidae and the order Tubulidentata. The name aardvark—Afrikaans for “earth pig”—refers to its stout, piglike body, up to 180 centimetres (6 feet) long, including the 60-cm tail. Its coat varies from glossy black and full to sandy yellow

Residencia

2005-02-15T11:51:00.000-08:00

In colonial Spanish America, judicial review of an official's acts, conducted at the conclusion of his term of office. Originating in Castile in the early 15th century, it was extended to the government of Spain's colonial empire from the early 16th century. In Spain it was applied mainly to the corregidors (local administrative and judicial officials). In the New World all

China, Local government

2005-02-15T00:43:00.000-08:00

The Ming state system was built upon a foundation of institutions inherited from the T'ang and Sung dynasties and modified by the intervening dynasties of conquest from the north, especially the Yüan. The distinctive new patterns of social and administrative organization that emerged in Ming times persisted, in their essential features, through the Ch'ing dynasty

Gerry, Elbridge

2005-02-14T07:25:00.000-08:00

In 1812 Gerry, an ardent supporter of war with Great Britain in the War of 1812, was elected vice president of the United States on the Jeffersonian Republican ticket with Madison. In 1813, while presiding over the Senate, Gerry, who along with Madison was in ill health, refused to yield his chair at the close of the legislative session, thus preventing William Giles, a senator from Virginia and an advocate of peace with Britain, from becoming president pro tempore of the Senate and thereby second in line (after the vice president) to succeed the president under the Presidential Succession Act of 1792. Gerry suffered a hemorrhage of the lungs on his way to the Senate and died in 1814.

Sculpture, Western, Early Christian

2005-02-14T00:20:00.000-08:00

Early in the 20th century it was thought that Christian art began after the death of Christ or, at least, in the second half of the 1st century AD. But later discoveries and studies showed that a truly Christian art—that is, with a style quite distinctive from Pagan Roman art—did not exist before the end of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century. When it ended, or rather developed

Pitney, Mahlon

2005-02-13T23:28:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), Pitney studied law with his father and took over his father's practice when the latter was appointed vice chancellor of New Jersey in 1889. In 1894 Pitney was elected to the U.S. Congress, in which he served until

Cordilleran Geosyncline

2005-02-13T19:15:00.000-08:00

A linear trough in the Earth's crust in which rocks of Late Precambrian to Mesozoic age (roughly 600 million to 66 million years ago) were deposited along the western coast of North America, from southern Alaska through western Canada and the United States, probably to western Mexico. The eastern boundary of the geosyncline extends from southeastern Alaska along the eastern

Eye Dialect

2005-02-12T17:32:00.000-08:00

The use of misspellings that are based on standard pronunciations (such as sez for says or kow for cow) but are usually intended to suggest a speaker's illiteracy or his use of generally nonstandard pronunciations. It is sometimes used in literature for comic effect.

Ibrahim

2005-02-11T16:04:00.000-08:00

Early in his reign under the guidance of the able but ambitious grand vizier Kemankes Kara Mustafa

Francis Joseph

2005-02-11T09:19:00.000-08:00

Although he had been raised to be a soldier and wore a uniform all his life, Francis Joseph was no more a strategist than he was a statesman. He made up for this deficiency by the careful study of documents, by an extraordinarily retentive memory, and by being a shrewd judge of character. Invariably well informed and familiar with the reports of his envoys, he was to his

Dadu

2005-02-10T11:50:00.000-08:00

Town, Sindh province, southern Pakistan. The town lies just west of the Indus River, about 100 miles (160 km) north-northwest of Hyderabad. A distribution centre, it is connected by road and rail with Hyderabad, Karachi, and Quetta. Dadu has men's and women's government colleges that are affiliated with the University of Sindh. The area in which Dadu is situated is a fertile alluvial

Alinsky, Saul (david)

2005-02-10T00:45:00.000-08:00

After college training in archaeology and criminology, Alinsky worked as a criminologist in Illinois for eight years. In 1938, he undertook his first community organizing campaign in a working-class area of Chicago; the result

Loran

2005-02-09T08:58:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of long-range navigation system of navigation developed for marine and air navigation. Lines of position are determined by noting differences in time of reception of synchronized pulses from widely spaced transmitting stations, master and slave. A master station broadcasts an uninterrupted series of pulses of fixed duration and at a fixed rate (e.g., of 50 microseconds' duration at a rate

Earth, Constructing seismological Earth models

2005-02-09T04:36:00.000-08:00

Effectively what is done is to start with an initial estimate of the density and velocity distributions, calculate the observed properties (periods of oscillations, travel times, and so forth), compare these with the observations, and then refine the density and velocity distributions until the observed properties are satisfactorily reproduced. An elegant mathematical

Cranko, John

2005-02-08T15:35:00.000-08:00

His basic dance training was at the Cape Town University Ballet School, where he performed as well as choreographed his first ballet, The Soldier's Tale (1942). In 1946 he joined the Sadler's Wells Ballet (later called the Royal Ballet) and continued to choreograph.

Ukrainka, Lesya

2005-02-08T11:41:00.000-08:00

The daughter of intellectuals, Ukrainka was stricken

Adam, Robert

2005-02-08T06:19:00.000-08:00

As a designer of furniture, too, Adam played a leading role and was prolific, turning his hand to everything from organ cases and sedan chairs to saltcellars and door fittings. The furniture style he evolved, popularized by the cabinetmaker George Hepplewhite, was always meant to harmonize with the rest of the home. It is one of the outstanding features of an Adam interior

Kamina

2005-02-08T03:58:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern Congo (Kinshasa). The town is an important centre on the Lubumbashi-Ilebo rail line at the junction of branch lines northward to Kindu and to Kalemie, a port with connections to eastern Africa. The town has air services to Lubumbashi, Kolwezi, and Kananga. Kamina is also the site of a military air base. A nearby dam on the Lovoi River supplies electricity

Pauling, Linus

2005-02-07T19:28:00.000-08:00

In full Linus Carl Pauling American chemist who applied quantum mechanics to the study of molecular structures, particularly in connection with chemical bonding. Pauling received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1962 (the latter in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the international control of nuclear weapons and his

Axis Powers

2005-02-06T22:23:00.000-08:00

The coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II. The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, followed by the proclamation of an “axis” binding Rome and Berlin (Oct. 25, 1936) and then by the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union (Nov. 25, 1936). The connection was strengthened by a full

Rhyl

2005-02-05T04:25:00.000-08:00

Seaside town, Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych) county, historic county of Flintshire (Sir Fflint), Wales, at the mouth of the River Clwyd. The town is predominantly a holiday resort, with extensive sandy beaches and excellent rail and road links with Lancashire and the English Midlands. Its promenade stretches for 3 miles (5 km), with a domed pavilion and the all-glass Royal Floral

Basal Metabolic Rate (bmr)

2005-02-05T02:36:00.000-08:00

Index of the general level of activity of an individual's body metabolism, determined by measuring his oxygen intake in the basal state—i.e., during absolute rest, but not sleep, 14 to 18 hours after eating. The higher the amount of oxygen consumed in a certain time interval, the more active is the oxidative process of the body and the higher is the rate of body metabolism. The

Force Acts

2005-02-04T14:19:00.000-08:00

The major provisions of the acts authorized federal authorities to enforce penalties upon anyone interfering with the registration,

Qarakhanid Dynasty

2005-02-03T11:54:00.000-08:00

The Qarakhanids, who belonged to the Qarluq tribal confederation, became prominent during the 9th century. With the disintegration of the Iranian Samanid dynasty, the Qarakhanids took over the Samanid territories in Transoxania. In 999 Harun (or Hasan) Bughra Khan, grandson of the paramount tribal chief of the Qarluq confederation,

Penzias, Arno

2005-02-03T06:46:00.000-08:00

In full Arno Allan Penzias German-American astrophysicist who shared one-half of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics with Robert Woodrow Wilson for their discovery of a faint electromagnetic radiation throughout the universe. Their detection of this radiation lent strong support to the big-bang model of cosmic evolution. (The other half of the Nobel Prize was awarded to the Soviet

Leonardo Pisano

2005-02-02T22:34:00.000-08:00

Joseph Gies and Frances Gies, Leonard of Pisa and the New Mathematics of the Middle Ages (1969), summarizes Leonardo's life and surveys his works, and contains a brief overview of the history of numerical notation and of medieval Pisa. Specialized treatments include Verner E. Hoggatt, Jr., Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers (1969), an introduction to the Fibonacci numbers and sequence, with propositions and exercises for mathematics students; N.N. Vorobev, The Fibonacci Numbers (1961); and Andreas N. Philippou, Gerald E. Bergum, and Alwyn F. Horadam (eds.), Fibonacci Numbers and Their Applications (1986).

Seton, Saint Elizabeth Ann

2005-02-02T03:43:00.000-08:00

Elizabeth Bayley was the daughter of a distinguished physician. She devoted a good deal of time to working among the poor, and in 1797 she joined Isabella

Activation Energy

2005-02-01T22:24:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport. In terms of the transition-state theory (q.v.), the activation energy is the difference in energy content between atoms or molecules in an activated or transition-state configuration and

Thenardite

2005-02-01T11:30:00.000-08:00

Any of a type of sodium sulfate mineral (Na2SO4) that has been deposited as an evaporation product near salt lakes and playas, as in the arid regions of northern Africa, Siberia, Canada, and the western United States. It is widespread as an efflorescence on arid soil and as a crust in volcanic fumarole deposits. For detailed physical properties, see sulfate mineral (table).

Reinheim

2005-01-31T23:02:00.000-08:00

Small village near Saarbrücken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La Tène burials (see La Tène). Within the wooden funerary chamber were found many bronze and gold objects, including bracelets, rings,

Chandernagore

2005-01-31T04:51:00.000-08:00

Also called Chandannagar city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Hooghly River and part of the Calcutta urban agglomeration. It is connected by road and rail with Calcutta and Burdwan. Settled in 1673 by the French and expanded commercially, it was captured by the English in 1757 and again in 1794 but was restored to France in 1815. Following the 1949 plebiscite, it merged with India.

Run-d.m.c.

2005-01-30T20:44:00.000-08:00

Formed

Indes, Compagnie Française Des

2005-01-30T00:36:00.000-08:00

(French: “French Company of the Indies”), one of the companies known as the French East India Company (q.v.).

Amol

2005-01-29T23:58:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Amul town, northern Iran, on the Harhaz River. The exact date of the founding of the town is unknown and enshrouded in legend, but it is certain that there has been a town on the site since Sasanian times. During the Sasanian period, the district of Amol, together with the neighbouring district of Gilan, formed a Nestorian Christian episcopate. After the Arab conquest in the 8th century,

Platonism

2005-01-29T05:17:00.000-08:00

Since Plato refused to write his own metaphysics, knowledge of its final shape has to be derived from hints in the dialogues and statements by Aristotle and, to a far lesser extent, other ancient authorities. According to these, Plato's doctrine of Forms was, in its general character, highly mathematical, the Forms being somehow identified with, or explained in terms

Biblical Literature, The roles of Deborah, Gideon, and Jephthah

2005-01-28T21:54:00.000-08:00

The first notably important judge of the tribal confederacy was Deborah, who was primarily a seer, poet, and interpreter of dreams but still a person endowed with the kind of charisma that identified her as a judge sent from Yahweh. The story of the victory of the Israelites under the charismatic leadership of Deborah and the military leadership of Barak, her commander,

The Protestant Heritage

2005-01-27T19:35:00.000-08:00

Protestantism originated in the 16th-century Reformation, and its basic doctrines, in addition to those of the ancient Christian creeds, are justification by grace alone through faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the supremacy of Holy Scripture in matters of faith and order. Variation in sacramental doctrine exists among Protestants, but most limit the

Alcatraz Island

2005-01-26T23:40:00.000-08:00

The island had little vegetation and was a seabird habitat when it was explored in 1775 by Lieutenant Juan Manuel de Ayala, who named it Isla de los Alcatraces (“Isle of the Pelicans”). Sold in 1849 to the U.S. government, Alcatraz has the distinction of being the site of the first

Tall Za'tar

2005-01-26T23:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Zaátar, former Palestinian refugee camp, Jabal Lubnan muhafazah (governorate), central Lebanon, north of Beirut, near Nabay. The camp was the last large Muslim outpost in the midst of the predominantly Christian inhabited area of north Lebanon and had a population estimated at 15,000 in the mid-1970s. During the Lebanese civil war (that began in the spring of 1975) between Muslims and Christians,

NormalBoot

Distress

Penedo

Plot

Arabia, History Of, Qatabanians

Steel, Annealing

Parallel Evolution

Zaragoza

Beirut

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

Earth, Faults

Jackson, Shoeless Joe

Craig, Edward Gordon

Rowe, Nicholas

Cellar

Hybrid

O'casey, Sean

Cole, Thomas

Dorgon

'arad

Shensi, Relief and drainage

Asahikawa

Feng Yün-shan

Breckinridge, Mary

Ibaraki

Thomas, E. Donnall

Feng Yün-shan

Shakhty

Amberg

Oman

La Farge, Oliver (hazard Perry)

Gyllensten, Lars (johan Wictor)

Chachoengsao

Condé, Louis I De Bourbon, 1er Prince De (1st Prince Of)

Black Legend

Aymaran Languages

Farmerlabor Party

Blanqui, Adolphe

Nove Ware

Marsh, Ngaio

Arno River

Religious Experience, Revelational and mystical immediacy

Hyde De Neuville, Jean-guillaume, Baron

Laterality

Hippocrates

Qom

Eastern Orthodoxy, Theological and monastic renaissance

Stein, Edith

Epic Theatre

Computers, Lady Lovelace: The first programmer

Bhagalpur

Gräfe, Albrecht Von

Biblical Literature, Background and overview

Forbes, Edward

Breast Cancer

Buys, Paulus

Malakoff

Hoorne, Filips Van Montmorency, Graaf Van

Pierce, John Robinson

Alabama Agricultural And Mechanical University

General Dynamics Corp.

Aquarium

Aardvark

Residencia

China, Local government

Gerry, Elbridge

Sculpture, Western, Early Christian

Pitney, Mahlon

Cordilleran Geosyncline

Eye Dialect

Ibrahim

Francis Joseph

Dadu

Alinsky, Saul (david)

Loran

Earth, Constructing seismological Earth models

Cranko, John

Ukrainka, Lesya

Adam, Robert

Kamina

Farmerlabor Party